Understanding Medicare’s Options: Parts A, B, C and D
Making sense of the alphabet soup of health care choices
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
En español | Medicare is complicated and can be confusing to sort through. To make it easier, the program has been broken down into four basic parts that include coverage for everything from hospital care to doctor visits to prescription drugs.
Part A — Hospital coverage
When you apply for Medicare, you will automatically be enrolled in Part A. It covers hospital stays, hospice care and some skilled nursing care that you may need after being hospitalized for a stroke, a broken hip or other episodes that require rehabilitation in a nursing home or other facility so you can get back on your feet. Most people don’t have to pay a premium for Part A. You’ve already paid into the system in the form of the Medicare tax deductions on your paycheck.
However, Part A isn’t totally free.
Medicare charges a hefty deductible each time you are admitted to a hospital. It changes every year, but for 2023, the deductible is $1,600. You can buy a supplemental or Medigap policy to cover that deductible and some out-of-pocket costs for the other parts of Medicare.
Medicare pays for virtually all hospital services for the first 60 days you’re in the hospital. There are some exceptions — it won’t pay for a private room, for example.
If you are a U.S. citizen or permanent resident and have not worked long enough to qualify for Medicare, you may able to buy into the program by paying a Part A premium.
Part B — Doctor and outpatient services
This part of Medicare covers doctor visits, lab tests, diagnostic screenings, medical equipment, ambulance transportation and other outpatient services. Unlike Part A, Part B involves more costs, and you may want to defer signing up for it if you are still working and have insurance through your job or are covered by your spouse’s health plan. But if you don’t have other insurance and don’t sign up for Part B when you first enroll in Medicare, you’ll probably have to pay a higher monthly premium for as long as you’re in the program.
The federal government sets the Part B monthly premium, which is $164.90 for 2023. It may be higher if your income is more than $97,000.
You’ll be subject to an annual deductible, set at $226 for 2023. And you’ll have to pay 20 percent of the bills for doctor visits and other outpatient services. If you are collecting Social Security, the monthly premium will be deducted from your monthly benefit.
Part C — Medicare Advantage
Medicare Advantage is the private health insurance alternative to the federally run original Medicare. Think of Advantage as a kind of one-stop shopping choice that combines various parts of Medicare into one plan. If you decide on a Medicare Advantage — or MA — plan, you’ll still have to enroll in parts A and B and pay the Part B premium. Then, in addition, you will have to choose a Medicare Advantage plan and sign up with a private insurer.
The federal government requires these plans to cover everything that original Medicare covers, and some plans pay for services that original Medicare does not, including dental and vision care. In recent years, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, which sets the rules for Medicare, has allowed Medicare Advantage plans to cover such extras as wheelchair ramps and shower grips for homes, meal delivery and transportation to and from doctors’ offices.
Most Medicare Advantage plans fold in prescription drug coverage. Not all of these plans cover the same extra benefits, so make sure to read the plan descriptions carefully. Medicare Advantage plans generally are either health maintenance organizations (HMOs) or preferred provider organizations (PPOs).
Expanding telehealth
In response to the coronavirus outbreak, Medicare temporarily expanded coverage of telehealth services. Beneficiaries can use a variety of devices — from phones to tablets to computers — to communicate with their providers.
Medicare waived restrictions on who can conduct telehealth visits during the pandemic, and will allow nurse practitioners, physician assistants and occupational and physical therapists to conduct such sessions. While Medicare copays will apply to telemedicine visits, providers can waive or reduce such cost-sharing.
In HMOs, you typically choose a primary care doctor who will direct your care and usually will have to give you a referral to see a specialist. PPOs have networks of doctors that you can see and facilities you can use, often without needing a referral. If you go to a provider who is not in the plan’s network, you probably will pay more.
Part D — Prescription drugs
This is the part of Medicare that pays for some of your prescription drugs. You buy a Part D plan through a private insurer. Each generally has premiums and other out-of-pocket costs, either flat copays for each medication or a percentage of the prescription costs. It may have an annual deductible.
If your total drug costs — the amount you and your Part D insurance plan have paid — reach $4,660 in 2023, you will be responsible for 25 percent of the price of the rest of the prescription drugs you buy during the year.
If your drug costs continue to mount, you may reach the point of qualifying for catastrophic coverage. For 2023, once you have paid $7,400 for medicines — just what you paid, not including what your Part D insurance plan paid — you’ll be responsible for 5 percent of the cost for each of your drugs.
Be sure to check at medicare.gov whether the plan you’re considering has the medicines you take on its covered list, called a formulary. Those lists change from year to year, so it’s important to recheck your plan every year at open enrollment time. The next open enrollment will be from Oct. 15 to Dec. 7, 2023, and any changes you make will take effect in January 2024.
Editor’s note: This article has been updated with new information for 2023.
Dena Bunis covers Medicare, health care, health policy and Congress. She also writes the “Medicare Made Easy” column for the AARP Bulletin. An award-winning journalist, Bunis spent decades working for metropolitan daily newspapers, including as Washington bureau chief for the Orange County Register and as a health policy and workplace writer for Newsday.